Fundamentals

Consider this ● a local bakery, beloved for its sourdough, decides to automate its ordering system. Initially, they gather customer data ● names, order history, email addresses ● assuming more data equates to better service. This bakery, like many small businesses, stands at the precipice of automation, often overlooking a simple truth ● the Quality and Ethics of data collection are paramount, not just its quantity.

Automation’s Promise and Peril

Automation whispers promises of efficiency, reduced costs, and enhanced customer experiences to small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs). For the bakery, automation could mean faster order processing, personalized recommendations, and streamlined inventory. Yet, without a proactive ethical data Meaning ● Ethical Data, within the scope of SMB growth, automation, and implementation, centers on the responsible collection, storage, and utilization of data in alignment with legal and moral business principles. collection strategy, this dream can quickly turn into a digital nightmare.

Imagine the bakery using collected data to send intrusive marketing emails or, worse, experiencing a data breach due to lax security practices. The initial promise of automation fades, replaced by customer distrust and potential regulatory penalties.

What Does Ethical Data Collection Actually Mean?

Ethical data collection, at its core, respects individual privacy and adheres to moral principles. For an SMB, this translates into several actionable steps:

• Transparency ● Clearly communicate to customers what data is being collected and why. A simple notice at the bakery counter or an explanation on their website suffices.
• Consent ● Obtain explicit consent before collecting data. Avoid pre-checked boxes or ambiguous language in data collection forms.
• Purpose Limitation ● Collect data only for specified, legitimate purposes. The bakery should not use ordering data to track customer locations without explicit consent and justification.
• Data Minimization ● Collect only the data that is absolutely necessary. Does the bakery truly need a customer’s birthdate for order processing?
• Data Security ● Implement robust security measures to protect collected data from unauthorized access and breaches. Even a small bakery must consider basic cybersecurity hygiene.

These principles are not abstract ideals; they are practical guidelines that build customer trust Meaning ● Customer trust for SMBs is the confident reliance customers have in your business to consistently deliver value, act ethically, and responsibly use technology. and long-term business sustainability. Ignoring them in the rush to automate is akin to building a house on a cracked foundation ● the automation edifice, however impressive initially, will eventually crumble.

Why Proactive Approach is Essential for SMBs

Many SMBs operate with limited resources and expertise in data privacy Meaning ● Data privacy for SMBs is the responsible handling of personal data to build trust and enable sustainable business growth. and security. Reacting to ethical data concerns after automation implementation is significantly more costly and damaging than proactively addressing them upfront. Consider the bakery again. If they face a data breach due to neglecting security, the damage to their reputation and the cost of recovery will far outweigh the initial investment in ethical data practices.

Proactive ethical data collection Meaning ● Ethical Data Collection, for SMBs navigating growth and automation, represents the principled acquisition and management of information. is not a cost center for SMBs; it is an investment in long-term customer relationships and sustainable automation Meaning ● Sustainable Automation: Long-term tech integration for SMB resilience, ethics, and equitable growth. success.

Proactive measures for SMBs include:

1. Educating Staff ● Train employees on basic data privacy principles and responsible data handling Meaning ● Responsible Data Handling, within the SMB landscape of growth, automation, and implementation, signifies a commitment to ethical and compliant data practices. practices. Even frontline staff taking orders should understand data sensitivity.
2. Conducting Privacy Audits ● Regularly review data collection processes to identify and rectify potential ethical lapses. A simple checklist can help a bakery assess their data practices.
3. Implementing Privacy-Enhancing Technologies Meaning ● Privacy-Enhancing Technologies empower SMBs to utilize data responsibly, ensuring growth while safeguarding individual privacy. (PETs) ● Explore affordable PETs, such as anonymization techniques, to minimize privacy risks. The bakery could use order IDs instead of names for internal data analysis.
4. Seeking Expert Guidance ● Consult with data privacy professionals or leverage online resources to build a basic ethical data framework. Local business associations may offer workshops or templates.

The SMB Growth Connection

Ethical data collection is not a barrier to SMB growth; it is an enabler. Customers are increasingly privacy-conscious. SMBs that demonstrate a commitment to ethical data practices Meaning ● Ethical Data Practices: Responsible and respectful data handling for SMB growth and trust. gain a competitive edge by building customer trust and loyalty. In a world of data breaches and privacy scandals, being the “ethical bakery” becomes a powerful differentiator.

Moreover, proactive ethical data collection lays a solid foundation for scalable automation. As the bakery grows and its automation needs become more complex, a pre-existing ethical data framework Meaning ● An Ethical Data Framework represents a structured approach for SMBs to manage data responsibly, ensuring privacy, security, and compliance while driving business growth. ensures smoother transitions and avoids costly retrofitting of privacy measures. It’s about building automation for the future, not just for today.

Implementation ● Starting Small, Thinking Big

For SMBs hesitant to embark on ethical data collection, the key is to start small and iterate. Begin with a basic privacy policy, train staff on data handling, and gradually implement more sophisticated measures as automation scales. The bakery could start by focusing on transparency and consent in their online ordering system, then gradually expand their ethical data framework to other areas of their business.

Ethical data collection is not a destination; it is an ongoing journey. As technology evolves and customer expectations shift, SMBs must continuously adapt their ethical data practices. But by starting proactively and embedding ethical considerations into their automation strategy from the outset, SMBs can unlock the true potential of automation while safeguarding customer trust and ensuring long-term success. The aroma of ethically sourced data, much like freshly baked bread, is far more appealing and sustainable.

Intermediate

The digital landscape, particularly for SMBs venturing into automation, resembles a high-stakes poker game. Every data point collected, every algorithm deployed, is a card played. However, unlike poker, the ethical ante in data collection is non-negotiable, and increasingly, businesses are realizing that a sloppy data hand, regardless of automation prowess, leads to a losing game. Consider the hypothetical scenario of “TechStart SMB,” a burgeoning e-commerce platform automating its customer relationship management (CRM) and marketing.

TechStart, initially focused on rapid growth, prioritizes data acquisition over data ethics, scraping publicly available social media profiles and purchasing third-party data lists to fuel its automation engines. This aggressive, albeit common, approach, highlights a critical inflection point for SMBs ● Reactive Compliance Versus Proactive Ethics in Data Collection.

Beyond Compliance ● Embracing Ethical Data as a Strategic Asset

Compliance with data privacy regulations Meaning ● Data Privacy Regulations for SMBs are strategic imperatives, not just compliance, driving growth, trust, and competitive edge in the digital age. like GDPR or CCPA is often viewed as the ceiling of ethical data practices. For many SMBs, particularly in the initial phases of automation, ticking the compliance boxes seems sufficient. However, this reactive, compliance-centric approach overlooks the strategic advantages of proactive ethical data collection.

TechStart SMB, in its data acquisition frenzy, may technically comply with basic data protection laws by including a generic privacy policy. Yet, their data scraping and third-party data purchasing practices erode customer trust, expose them to regulatory risks associated with data accuracy and consent, and ultimately undermine the long-term effectiveness of their automation efforts.

Proactive ethical data collection, conversely, positions ethics as a strategic asset. It involves embedding ethical considerations into the very DNA of automation initiatives, transforming data collection from a perfunctory task into a value-generating process. This shift requires SMBs to move beyond a checklist mentality and adopt a more nuanced understanding of data ethics, considering not only legal obligations but also the broader societal and reputational implications of their data practices.

The Tangible Business Benefits of Proactive Ethical Data Collection

The benefits of proactive ethical data collection extend far beyond risk mitigation Meaning ● Within the dynamic landscape of SMB growth, automation, and implementation, Risk Mitigation denotes the proactive business processes designed to identify, assess, and strategically reduce potential threats to organizational goals. and regulatory compliance. They translate into tangible business advantages that directly impact SMB growth Meaning ● SMB Growth is the strategic expansion of small to medium businesses focusing on sustainable value, ethical practices, and advanced automation for long-term success. and automation success.

• Enhanced Customer Trust and Loyalty ● In an era of data breaches and privacy scandals, customers are increasingly discerning about data practices. SMBs that proactively demonstrate a commitment to ethical data collection build stronger customer trust and foster long-term loyalty. Customers are more likely to engage with and remain loyal to businesses they perceive as responsible data stewards.
• Improved Data Quality Meaning ● Data Quality, within the realm of SMB operations, fundamentally addresses the fitness of data for its intended uses in business decision-making, automation initiatives, and successful project implementations. and Accuracy ● Ethical data collection practices, such as obtaining explicit consent and ensuring data minimization, often lead to higher quality and more accurate data. Data collected transparently and purposefully is inherently more reliable than data acquired through opaque or unethical means. This improved data quality directly enhances the effectiveness of automation algorithms and decision-making processes.
• Reduced Regulatory and Reputational Risks ● Proactive ethical data collection minimizes the risk of regulatory penalties and reputational damage associated with data breaches, privacy violations, and unethical data practices. A proactive approach demonstrates due diligence and a commitment to responsible data handling, mitigating potential legal and public relations crises.
• Competitive Differentiation ● Ethical data practices can become a significant competitive differentiator, particularly in industries where data privacy is a growing concern. SMBs that prioritize ethical data collection can attract and retain customers who value privacy and responsible data handling, setting themselves apart from competitors with less robust ethical frameworks.
• Sustainable Automation and Scalability ● Building automation on a foundation of ethical data collection ensures long-term sustainability and scalability. Ethical data practices are not a constraint on automation; they are a catalyst for responsible and sustainable automation growth. As SMBs scale their automation initiatives, a pre-existing ethical data framework provides a robust and adaptable foundation.

Proactive ethical data collection is not merely about avoiding penalties; it’s about unlocking sustainable business value and competitive advantage in the age of automation.

Methodological Approaches to Proactive Ethical Data Collection for SMBs

Implementing proactive ethical data collection requires a structured and methodological approach. SMBs can adopt several practical strategies to embed ethics into their data collection processes:

Developing an Ethical Data Charter

An ethical data charter serves as a guiding document outlining an SMB’s commitment to ethical data practices. It should articulate core ethical principles, such as transparency, fairness, accountability, and respect for privacy. The charter should be readily accessible to employees and customers, demonstrating a public commitment to ethical data stewardship. TechStart SMB, for instance, could develop a charter emphasizing data minimization, purpose limitation, and user control over data.

Implementing Privacy by Design (PbD) Principles

Privacy by Design (PbD) advocates for embedding privacy considerations into the design and development of systems and processes from the outset. For SMBs automating their CRM, PbD principles would involve considering data privacy implications at every stage of the CRM system design, from data collection to data storage and processing. This proactive approach minimizes privacy risks and ensures that ethical considerations are not an afterthought.

Conducting Ethical Impact Assessments (EIAs)

Ethical Impact Assessments (EIAs) are systematic evaluations of the potential ethical implications of data collection and automation initiatives. EIAs help SMBs identify and mitigate potential ethical risks before they materialize. TechStart SMB could conduct an EIA before implementing its social media data scraping strategy, assessing the potential privacy violations and reputational risks associated with this practice.

Establishing Data Governance Frameworks

Data governance frameworks define roles, responsibilities, policies, and procedures for managing data assets ethically and effectively. For SMBs, a data governance Meaning ● Data Governance for SMBs strategically manages data to achieve business goals, foster innovation, and gain a competitive edge. framework might involve designating a data privacy officer (even if part-time or outsourced), establishing data access controls, and implementing data retention policies. A robust data governance framework Meaning ● A structured system for SMBs to manage data ethically, efficiently, and securely, driving informed decisions and sustainable growth. ensures accountability and oversight of data collection and usage practices.

Utilizing Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs) Strategically

Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs) offer technical solutions for minimizing privacy risks while enabling data-driven automation. SMBs can strategically deploy PETs, such as anonymization, pseudonymization, differential privacy, and homomorphic encryption, to enhance data privacy without compromising data utility. For example, TechStart SMB could use pseudonymization techniques to de-identify customer data used for marketing personalization, reducing the risk of re-identification and privacy breaches.

These methodological approaches are not mutually exclusive; they are complementary strategies that SMBs can adopt to build a comprehensive and proactive ethical data collection framework. The specific strategies and their level of sophistication will vary depending on the SMB’s size, industry, and automation objectives. However, the underlying principle remains constant ● ethical data collection is not a burden; it is a strategic imperative for sustainable automation success.

Navigating the Evolving Ethical Landscape

The ethical landscape of data collection is constantly evolving, shaped by technological advancements, societal expectations, and regulatory developments. SMBs must remain agile and adaptive, continuously monitoring and updating their ethical data practices to align with emerging ethical norms and legal requirements. This ongoing adaptation requires:

• Continuous Learning and Education ● Staying abreast of the latest developments in data privacy, ethics, and regulation through industry publications, workshops, and online resources.
• Engaging in Ethical Dialogue ● Participating in industry forums and discussions on data ethics Meaning ● Data Ethics for SMBs: Strategic integration of moral principles for trust, innovation, and sustainable growth in the data-driven age. to share best practices and learn from peers.
• Seeking Expert Counsel ● Regularly consulting with data privacy professionals and legal experts to ensure ongoing compliance and ethical alignment.
• Embracing a Culture of Ethical Data Stewardship ● Fostering a company-wide culture that values ethical data practices and empowers employees to raise ethical concerns.

Proactive ethical data collection is not a one-time project; it is an ongoing commitment to responsible data stewardship. For SMBs navigating the complexities of automation, embracing ethical data practices is not merely a matter of compliance or risk mitigation; it is a strategic pathway to building trust, fostering innovation, and achieving sustainable long-term success in the data-driven economy. The true measure of automation success Meaning ● Automation Success, within the context of Small and Medium-sized Businesses (SMBs), signifies the measurable and positive outcomes derived from implementing automated processes and technologies. is not just efficiency gains, but also the ethical integrity of the data that fuels it.

Ethical data collection is the compass guiding SMB automation towards a future where technology empowers, not erodes, human trust and dignity.

Advanced

The automation imperative for SMBs, often framed as a binary choice between efficiency and stagnation, belies a more profound underlying dynamic ● the ethical scaffolding upon which automation frameworks are constructed. In the hyper-competitive digital ecosystem, data, the lifeblood of automation, is not merely a resource to be extracted and exploited; it represents a complex nexus of individual rights, societal values, and organizational responsibilities. Consider “GlobalNiche Corp,” a multinational SMB specializing in personalized healthcare solutions, leveraging AI-driven automation for patient diagnostics and treatment recommendations. GlobalNiche’s scenario, while illustrative of automation’s transformative potential, also underscores a critical, often overlooked, dimension ● The Inherent Ethical Debt Incurred through Unproactive Data Collection, a Debt That can Cripple Even the Most Technologically Advanced Automation Initiatives.

The Ethical Debt of Reactive Data Collection ● A Corporate Strategy Blind Spot

Reactive data collection, characterized by a compliance-driven, risk-mitigation approach, treats data ethics as an externality, a cost to be minimized rather than a value to be maximized. For corporate strategies, particularly those focused on SMB growth through automation, this reactive posture represents a significant blind spot. GlobalNiche Corp, in its initial automation phase, might prioritize rapid data acquisition to train its AI algorithms, focusing on meeting minimum regulatory requirements for data privacy. However, this reactive approach accumulates ethical debt in several critical dimensions:

• Erosion of Stakeholder Trust ● Reactive ethical practices, often perceived as performative compliance, fail to build genuine stakeholder trust. Patients, increasingly aware of data privacy risks in healthcare, may harbor skepticism towards GlobalNiche’s AI-driven solutions if data ethics are not demonstrably prioritized. This erosion of trust undermines patient engagement and adoption, hindering the very automation goals the company seeks to achieve.
• Compromised Data Integrity and Algorithmic Bias ● Data collected without proactive ethical considerations is often plagued by biases, inaccuracies, and representational gaps. If GlobalNiche’s patient data collection disproportionately targets specific demographics or fails to account for socio-economic determinants of health, its AI algorithms may perpetuate and amplify existing health disparities. This algorithmic bias Meaning ● Algorithmic bias in SMBs: unfair outcomes from automated systems due to flawed data or design. not only raises ethical concerns but also compromises the clinical validity and effectiveness of its automated healthcare solutions.
• Increased Long-Term Regulatory and Legal Liabilities ● Reactive compliance, focused on meeting current regulations, fails to anticipate evolving ethical and legal standards. As data privacy regulations become more stringent and societal expectations for ethical AI Meaning ● Ethical AI for SMBs means using AI responsibly to build trust, ensure fairness, and drive sustainable growth, not just for profit but for societal benefit. rise, GlobalNiche may face significant regulatory penalties and legal challenges if its data practices are deemed inadequate or unethical in retrospect. This long-term liability represents a substantial financial and reputational risk.
• Stifled Innovation and Competitive Disadvantage ● A reactive ethical stance stifles innovation by limiting the scope and ambition of automation initiatives. Fear of ethical missteps and regulatory scrutiny can lead to risk-averse data practices, hindering the exploration of novel data-driven solutions and creating a competitive disadvantage compared to organizations that proactively embrace ethical data innovation. GlobalNiche, constrained by reactive ethical concerns, may miss opportunities to develop truly transformative AI-powered healthcare solutions that require ethically robust and innovative data collection methodologies.
• Diminished Brand Equity Meaning ● Brand equity for SMBs is the perceived value of their brand, driving customer preference, loyalty, and sustainable growth in the market. and Social License to Operate ● In an era of heightened corporate social responsibility, ethical data practices are integral to brand equity and social license to operate. A reactive approach, perceived as ethically deficient, can damage GlobalNiche’s brand reputation and erode its social license to operate in the healthcare sector. This reputational damage can have long-lasting consequences, impacting investor confidence, talent acquisition, and market access.

Ethical debt, accumulated through reactive data collection, is a hidden liability that undermines the long-term value and sustainability of corporate automation strategies.

Proactive Ethical Data Collection as a Strategic Value Driver ● A Corporate Imperative

Proactive ethical data collection transcends mere compliance; it transforms data ethics from a cost center into a strategic value driver. For corporate strategies focused on SMB growth and automation Meaning ● SMB Growth and Automation denotes the strategic integration of technological solutions to streamline operations, enhance productivity, and drive revenue within small and medium-sized businesses. implementation, embracing proactive ethics is not simply a matter of risk mitigation; it is a fundamental imperative for sustainable competitive advantage and long-term value creation. GlobalNiche Corp, by adopting a proactive ethical data collection framework, can unlock significant strategic benefits:

Building Trust as a Core Business Asset

Proactive ethical data practices cultivate deep stakeholder trust, transforming trust from a soft asset into a measurable business advantage. Transparent data collection policies, robust data security measures, and demonstrable commitment to patient privacy build confidence among patients, healthcare providers, and regulators. This trust translates into increased patient engagement, higher adoption rates for AI-driven healthcare solutions, and stronger brand loyalty. For GlobalNiche, trust becomes a core differentiator in a competitive healthcare market increasingly sensitive to data ethics.

Enhancing Data Quality and Algorithmic Fairness

Ethical data collection methodologies, such as participatory data governance and fairness-aware data sampling, improve data quality and mitigate algorithmic bias. Engaging diverse patient populations in data collection design, implementing robust data validation processes, and actively addressing representational gaps ensure that GlobalNiche’s AI algorithms are trained on ethically sourced, high-quality data. This leads to more accurate, reliable, and equitable healthcare solutions, enhancing clinical outcomes and reducing ethical risks associated with algorithmic bias.

Securing Long-Term Regulatory Resilience and Legal Certainty

Proactive ethical data practices anticipate evolving regulatory landscapes and build long-term regulatory resilience. By embedding ethical considerations into data collection processes from the outset, GlobalNiche positions itself to adapt proactively to increasingly stringent data privacy regulations and ethical AI guidelines. This proactive approach minimizes the risk of future regulatory penalties and legal challenges, providing greater legal certainty and reducing long-term compliance costs.

Fostering Ethical Innovation and Competitive Edge

Proactive ethical data collection fosters a culture of ethical innovation, unlocking new opportunities for data-driven solutions and creating a competitive edge. By embracing ethical data innovation, GlobalNiche can explore novel data collection methodologies, such as federated learning Meaning ● Federated Learning, in the context of SMB growth, represents a decentralized approach to machine learning. and differential privacy, that enable data sharing and collaboration while preserving patient privacy. This fosters innovation in AI-powered healthcare, allowing GlobalNiche to develop cutting-edge solutions that are both ethically sound and technologically advanced, differentiating itself from competitors with less robust ethical frameworks.

Strengthening Brand Equity and Social Impact

Proactive ethical data practices enhance brand equity and strengthen social license to operate by demonstrating a genuine commitment to corporate social responsibility. GlobalNiche, by prioritizing ethical data collection, positions itself as a responsible corporate citizen in the healthcare sector, attracting socially conscious investors, partners, and talent. This strengthens brand reputation, enhances social impact, and contributes to long-term sustainability, aligning corporate purpose with societal values.

Proactive ethical data collection is not a cost of doing business; it is a strategic investment in building a more ethical, innovative, and sustainable corporate future.

Implementing Proactive Ethical Data Collection ● A Multi-Dimensional Framework for Corporate Strategy

Implementing proactive ethical data collection requires a multi-dimensional framework that integrates ethical considerations into every aspect of corporate strategy, from data governance to technological infrastructure and organizational culture. For GlobalNiche Corp and other SMBs aspiring to corporate scale through automation, this framework should encompass the following key dimensions:

Ethical Data Governance and Oversight

Establish a robust ethical data governance Meaning ● Ethical Data Governance for SMBs: Managing data responsibly for trust, growth, and sustainable automation. framework with clear roles, responsibilities, and accountability mechanisms. This includes appointing a Chief Data Ethics Officer (CDEO) or establishing an Ethical Data Review Board (EDRB) to oversee data collection practices, conduct ethical impact assessments, and ensure ongoing ethical compliance. GlobalNiche should create an EDRB composed of ethicists, data privacy experts, clinicians, and patient representatives to provide independent oversight and guidance on ethical data matters.

Privacy-Enhancing Technology Infrastructure

Invest in privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) and infrastructure to minimize privacy risks and enable ethical data utilization. This includes deploying anonymization, pseudonymization, differential privacy, federated learning, and homomorphic encryption technologies to protect patient data while enabling AI-driven analysis and innovation. GlobalNiche should adopt federated learning techniques to train AI models on distributed patient data across multiple healthcare institutions without centralizing sensitive patient information.

Ethical Data Collection Methodologies and Protocols

Develop and implement ethical data collection methodologies and protocols that prioritize transparency, consent, fairness, and data minimization. This includes obtaining informed consent from patients for data collection, implementing data minimization Meaning ● Strategic data reduction for SMB agility, security, and customer trust, minimizing collection to only essential data. principles to collect only necessary data, and employing fairness-aware data sampling techniques to mitigate bias. GlobalNiche should implement dynamic consent mechanisms that allow patients to control the types of data collected and the purposes for which it is used, ensuring ongoing patient autonomy and control.

Ethical AI and Algorithmic Accountability

Adopt ethical AI principles and algorithmic accountability frameworks to ensure that AI-driven automation is aligned with ethical values and societal norms. This includes implementing fairness-aware AI algorithms, conducting algorithmic bias audits, and establishing mechanisms for algorithmic explainability and redress. GlobalNiche should utilize explainable AI (XAI) techniques to ensure that its AI-driven diagnostic and treatment recommendations are transparent and understandable to clinicians and patients, fostering trust and accountability in AI decision-making.

Ethical Data Culture and Organizational Values

Cultivate an ethical data culture Meaning ● Ethical Data Culture, for SMBs focused on growth through automation and implementation, signifies a business environment where data handling is consistently guided by moral principles, legal standards, and stakeholder considerations. within the organization, embedding ethical values into corporate DNA. This includes providing ethical data training to all employees, promoting ethical data awareness, and establishing channels for reporting ethical concerns and dilemmas. GlobalNiche should implement mandatory ethical data training programs for all employees, fostering a culture of ethical data stewardship Meaning ● Responsible data management for SMB growth and automation. and empowering employees to act as ethical data guardians.

This multi-dimensional framework provides a roadmap for SMBs like GlobalNiche Corp to transition from reactive compliance to proactive ethical data collection, transforming data ethics from a constraint into a strategic enabler of automation success and long-term corporate value creation. The future of automation is not just about technological advancement; it is fundamentally intertwined with ethical responsibility and the proactive pursuit of data practices that are both innovative and ethically sound. The true measure of corporate success in the age of automation will be defined not just by technological prowess, but by the ethical integrity of the data that powers it.

Proactive ethical data collection is the ethical compass guiding corporate automation towards a future where technology and ethics converge to create sustainable value for businesses and society alike.

References

• Floridi, Luciano, and Mariarosaria Taddeo. “What is data ethics?.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A ● Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374.2083 (2016) ● 20160360.
• Mittelstadt, Brent Daniel. “Ethics of the health-related internet of things ● a scoping review.” Ethics and Information Technology 19 (2017) ● 157-183.
• Zuboff, Shoshana. The age of surveillance capitalism ● The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. PublicAffairs, 2018.