
Fundamentals
Small businesses often operate on gut feelings, a handshake, and the implicit understanding between people who share a community. This inherent human connection, often dismissed as ‘soft’ in traditional business discourse, actually represents a potent, though frequently unmeasured, business asset ● empathy. Consider the local bakery that remembers your usual order or the hardware store owner who spends extra time explaining a repair to a novice. These actions, born from empathy, are not just nice gestures; they are shrewd business practices in disguise, directly impacting the bottom line, even if not explicitly tracked as such.

Beyond Handshakes ● Empathy’s Measurable Impact
Empathy in business transcends simple politeness; it is a deep understanding of customer and employee needs, driving actions that genuinely benefit them. It is about perceiving situations from another’s viewpoint and responding with consideration and care. The question then arises ● how do we move beyond anecdotal evidence and gut feelings to quantify this seemingly intangible quality? What metrics truly reflect empathy’s presence and impact within a business, especially for small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) navigating growth and automation?

Customer Retention ● The Loyalty Litmus Test
One of the most straightforward indicators of empathy in action is customer retention Meaning ● Customer Retention: Nurturing lasting customer relationships for sustained SMB growth and advocacy. rate. A high retention rate Meaning ● Retention Rate, in the context of Small and Medium-sized Businesses, represents the percentage of customers a business retains over a specific period. suggests customers feel understood, valued, and cared for by the business. When a customer feels heard and their needs are met with genuine concern, they are significantly more likely to return. This is not merely about offering competitive prices or superior products; it is about creating an experience that resonates on a human level.
Think of a subscription box service. One might offer the lowest price, another the most features, but the one that truly listens to subscriber feedback, personalizes boxes based on individual preferences, and swiftly resolves issues with compassion is the one that will likely see higher retention.
Customer retention rate serves as a powerful, if indirect, measure of how well a business understands and responds to its customers’ needs, a core component of empathy.
For SMBs, tracking customer retention can be as simple as monitoring repeat purchases or subscription renewals. Implementing a basic CRM system, even a spreadsheet, to log customer interactions and purchase history can provide valuable insights. Analyzing why customers stay ● or leave ● can reveal areas where empathy is strong or lacking. Direct customer feedback, through surveys or informal conversations, adds qualitative depth to these quantitative metrics, helping businesses understand the ‘why’ behind retention numbers.

Employee Turnover ● A Mirror Reflecting Internal Empathy
Empathy is not solely an external-facing attribute; it is equally crucial within the organizational structure. Employee turnover rate serves as a critical internal metric reflecting the level of empathy within a company’s culture. High turnover often signals a disconnect between employee needs and management actions. Employees who feel unheard, unsupported, or undervalued are more prone to seek opportunities elsewhere.
Conversely, workplaces characterized by empathetic leadership and supportive environments tend to experience lower turnover. Consider two similar restaurants in the same town. One experiences constant staff churn, while the other boasts long-tenured employees. The difference often lies in how employees are treated daily ● are their concerns addressed?
Is their well-being considered? Are they recognized for their contributions?
For SMBs, employee turnover has direct and significant costs ● recruitment, training, and lost productivity. Tracking turnover is a fundamental business practice, but interpreting it through an empathy lens adds a crucial dimension. Exit interviews, when conducted genuinely and analyzed thoughtfully, can provide invaluable insights into employee experiences and perceptions of empathy within the organization.
Regular, anonymous employee surveys Meaning ● Employee surveys, within the context of SMB growth, constitute a structured method for gathering confidential feedback from personnel concerning diverse facets of their work experience, ranging from job satisfaction to management effectiveness. focusing on workplace culture, manager support, and work-life balance can also illuminate areas needing attention. Lower turnover, beyond cost savings, translates to greater institutional knowledge, stronger team cohesion, and improved customer service Meaning ● Customer service, within the context of SMB growth, involves providing assistance and support to customers before, during, and after a purchase, a vital function for business survival. consistency, all contributing to long-term business success.

Net Promoter Score (NPS) ● Gauging Advocacy and Trust
Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a widely used metric measuring customer loyalty Meaning ● Customer loyalty for SMBs is the ongoing commitment of customers to repeatedly choose your business, fostering growth and stability. and willingness to recommend a business to others. While seemingly focused on satisfaction, NPS inherently taps into the emotional connection customers feel with a brand, which is closely linked to empathy. Customers who are promoters (those scoring 9 or 10 on the NPS scale) are not just satisfied; they are enthusiastic advocates.
This advocacy often stems from feeling understood and valued by the business, experiencing interactions that demonstrate genuine care and attention. Detractors (scores 0-6), conversely, often feel neglected or mistreated, signaling a lack of empathy in their experience.
Implementing NPS for an SMB can be straightforward. Simple surveys asking, “How likely are you to recommend our business to a friend or colleague?” followed by open-ended questions for feedback, can provide actionable data. Analyzing NPS scores, especially in conjunction with qualitative feedback, reveals patterns in customer sentiment and identifies areas where empathetic practices are succeeding or failing.
For instance, a low NPS score might be traced back to specific customer service interactions, product issues, or communication breakdowns, highlighting areas where empathy needs to be strengthened. NPS, therefore, serves as a valuable aggregate metric reflecting the overall empathetic impression a business makes on its customer base.

Conversations, Not Just Transactions
These metrics ● customer retention, employee turnover, and NPS ● are not isolated figures; they are interconnected indicators of a broader business philosophy rooted in empathy. They represent the tangible outcomes of treating customers and employees as individuals with needs and feelings, not merely as transactions or resources. For SMBs, especially in competitive markets, cultivating empathy is not a ‘nice-to-have’ but a strategic imperative. It fosters loyalty, reduces costs, and builds a stronger, more resilient business.
These metrics, when viewed through an empathetic lens, offer a practical starting point for SMBs to measure and improve this often-overlooked but fundamentally important business quality. They transform empathy from an abstract concept into a measurable driver of business success, proving that caring genuinely for people is not just good ethics, it is good business.
Consider these metrics as the initial chapters in a larger story, the foundation upon which more sophisticated measurements of empathy can be built as a business grows and evolves. They are the essential starting points for any SMB seeking to understand and leverage the power of empathy in a practical, measurable way.

Intermediate
Moving beyond foundational metrics, businesses seeking a deeper understanding of empathy’s impact require more sophisticated analytical tools. While customer retention, employee turnover, and NPS offer valuable insights, they represent lagging indicators, reflecting past empathetic interactions. To proactively cultivate empathy and measure its ongoing presence, businesses must explore metrics that capture real-time sentiment, effort, and engagement. This necessitates adopting intermediate-level metrics that provide a more granular and actionable view of empathy in practice, particularly as SMBs scale and integrate automation into their operations.

Customer Effort Score (CES) ● Measuring Ease and Consideration
Customer Effort Score (CES) directly measures the ease of a customer’s experience with a company, reflecting how much effort a customer must exert to interact with a business, resolve an issue, or make a purchase. A low CES, indicating minimal customer effort, often correlates with empathetic service design. Businesses that prioritize ease of interaction demonstrate an understanding of customer time and frustration points. They proactively eliminate obstacles and streamline processes, signaling respect for the customer experience.
Conversely, a high CES suggests a lack of empathy, indicating processes that are cumbersome, confusing, or require excessive customer input. Imagine two online retailers. One requires multiple steps and forms to return a faulty item, while the other offers a simple, one-click return process with pre-paid shipping. The latter demonstrates greater empathy by minimizing customer effort and potential frustration.
Customer Effort Score provides a direct measure of how easy it is for customers to interact with a business, reflecting a proactive consideration of their time and potential frustrations.
For SMBs, implementing CES can be integrated into post-interaction surveys, particularly after customer service engagements or key transaction points. Simple questions like, “On a scale of 1 to 7, how easy was it to handle your issue today?” provide quantifiable data. Analyzing CES trends, especially in relation to specific touchpoints in the customer journey, pinpoints areas where processes can be streamlined and empathy enhanced.
For instance, consistently high CES scores related to online checkout might indicate a need to simplify the payment process or improve website navigation. Reducing customer effort not only improves satisfaction but also fosters loyalty and positive word-of-mouth, all driven by an empathetic approach to service design.

Employee Engagement Scores ● Reflecting Internal Sentiment and Investment
Employee engagement scores, derived from comprehensive employee surveys, offer a more nuanced view of internal empathy than simple turnover rates. Engagement goes beyond mere satisfaction; it reflects the degree to which employees are emotionally invested in their work, committed to the organization’s goals, and feel valued and supported. High engagement scores indicate a workplace culture Meaning ● SMB Workplace Culture: Shared values & behaviors shaping employee experience, crucial for growth, especially with automation. where empathy is prevalent, where leadership listens to employee concerns, provides opportunities for growth, and fosters a sense of belonging. Disengaged employees, conversely, often feel disconnected, unheard, and undervalued, signaling a lack of empathy within the organizational environment.
Consider two competing tech startups. One reports consistently high employee engagement, characterized by proactive feedback, collaborative projects, and strong team morale. The other struggles with low engagement, marked by communication silos, limited opportunities for advancement, and a general sense of apathy. The difference often lies in the degree to which leadership demonstrates empathy and invests in employee well-being and development.
For SMBs, measuring employee engagement Meaning ● Employee Engagement in SMBs is the strategic commitment of employees' energies towards business goals, fostering growth and competitive advantage. requires implementing regular, confidential surveys that delve into various aspects of the employee experience ● work-life balance, manager support, opportunities for growth, recognition, and overall workplace culture. Analyzing engagement scores across different teams or departments can identify pockets of strength and areas needing improvement. Actionable insights from engagement surveys inform targeted interventions to enhance empathy within the organization, such as leadership training focused on empathetic communication, improved feedback mechanisms, or initiatives promoting employee well-being. Higher employee engagement translates to increased productivity, innovation, and reduced absenteeism, all fueled by a culture of empathy and mutual respect.

Sentiment Analysis ● Decoding the Emotional Tone of Interactions
Sentiment analysis, utilizing natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning, offers a powerful tool for gauging empathy by automatically analyzing the emotional tone of customer and employee communications. This metric moves beyond simple keyword detection to understand the underlying sentiment expressed in text or voice data, categorizing it as positive, negative, or neutral. Sentiment analysis Meaning ● Sentiment Analysis, for small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs), is a crucial business tool for understanding customer perception of their brand, products, or services. can be applied to a wide range of data sources ● customer reviews, social media posts, survey responses, customer service transcripts, and employee feedback. By analyzing the sentiment expressed in these interactions, businesses gain insights into the emotional impact of their actions and communications, revealing areas where empathy is effectively conveyed or where it falls short.
Consider a bank implementing sentiment analysis on customer service chat transcripts. The analysis might reveal patterns of negative sentiment associated with specific customer service processes or communication styles, highlighting areas where agents need training in empathetic communication and problem resolution.
For SMBs, sentiment analysis tools are becoming increasingly accessible and affordable, often integrated into CRM systems or customer service platforms. Implementing sentiment analysis allows businesses to monitor customer and employee sentiment at scale, identifying trends and anomalies in real-time. Analyzing sentiment trends over time can track the impact of empathy-focused initiatives and identify emerging issues before they escalate.
For instance, a sudden spike in negative sentiment on social media might alert a business to a public relations issue requiring immediate and empathetic response. Sentiment analysis provides a continuous feedback loop, enabling businesses to proactively adjust their strategies and communications to better align with customer and employee emotional needs, fostering a more empathetic and responsive organizational culture.

Connecting Metrics to Empathetic Action
These intermediate metrics ● CES, employee engagement scores, and sentiment analysis ● offer a more dynamic and granular understanding of empathy in business. They move beyond lagging indicators to provide real-time insights into customer and employee experiences, enabling proactive interventions and continuous improvement. For SMBs navigating growth and automation, these metrics are particularly valuable. As businesses scale, maintaining personal connections and empathetic interactions becomes more challenging.
Automation, while enhancing efficiency, can also risk depersonalizing customer and employee experiences. These intermediate metrics provide the data-driven insights needed to ensure that automation is implemented in a way that enhances, rather than diminishes, empathy. They allow businesses to identify pain points, streamline processes, and personalize interactions at scale, ensuring that empathy remains a core value even as operations become more complex. These metrics are not merely numbers; they are signals, guiding businesses towards a more empathetic and human-centered approach in an increasingly automated world.
By integrating these intermediate metrics, SMBs can move beyond simply measuring outcomes to actively managing and cultivating empathy as a strategic business asset. They represent a crucial step towards building organizations that are not only efficient and profitable but also deeply human and responsive to the needs of their customers and employees.
Metric Customer Effort Score (CES) |
Description Measures the ease of customer interactions. |
Focus Minimizing customer effort and frustration. |
Implementation for SMBs Post-interaction surveys, simple 1-7 scale questions. |
Metric Employee Engagement Scores |
Description Reflects employee emotional investment and commitment. |
Focus Fostering a supportive and valuing workplace culture. |
Implementation for SMBs Regular, confidential employee surveys. |
Metric Sentiment Analysis |
Description Analyzes emotional tone in communications. |
Focus Understanding customer and employee emotional responses. |
Implementation for SMBs Integrated into CRM/customer service platforms, NLP tools. |
These metrics are not endpoints, but rather stepping stones toward a more sophisticated and strategic understanding of empathy in business. They pave the way for advanced-level analyses that explore the deeper, more nuanced connections between empathy and long-term business success.

Advanced
For organizations striving for true empathetic mastery, the journey extends beyond intermediate metrics into the realm of advanced, strategically integrated analyses. At this level, empathy is not merely measured in isolation; it is examined as a dynamic force intricately woven into the fabric of business strategy, influencing long-term value creation, innovation, and organizational resilience. Advanced metrics delve into the causal relationships between empathetic practices and key business outcomes, requiring sophisticated analytical frameworks and a deep understanding of complex business dynamics. This advanced perspective is particularly critical for corporations and scaling SMBs seeking to leverage empathy as a competitive differentiator in increasingly complex and automated business environments.

Customer Lifetime Value (CLTV) and Empathy Influence
Customer Lifetime Value (CLTV) represents the total revenue a business expects to generate from a single customer over the entire duration of their relationship. While traditionally calculated based on purchase frequency, average order value, and customer lifespan, an advanced approach integrates empathy as a crucial variable influencing CLTV. Empathetic customer interactions, personalized service, and proactive problem-solving not only enhance immediate customer satisfaction Meaning ● Customer Satisfaction: Ensuring customer delight by consistently meeting and exceeding expectations, fostering loyalty and advocacy. but also foster stronger, more enduring customer relationships. These relationships, in turn, translate to increased customer loyalty, higher repeat purchase rates, and greater customer advocacy, all directly boosting CLTV.
Consider two competing e-commerce platforms. Both offer similar products and prices. However, one invests heavily in empathetic customer service, proactively addressing customer concerns, personalizing recommendations based on past purchases, and building a community around its brand. This platform is likely to see significantly higher CLTV due to increased customer loyalty and repeat business driven by empathetic engagement.
Customer Lifetime Value, when analyzed through an empathy lens, reveals the long-term financial impact of building strong, emotionally resonant customer relationships.
For corporations and advanced SMBs, measuring the empathy influence on CLTV requires sophisticated data analytics and potentially econometric modeling. This involves segmenting customer data based on levels of empathetic engagement (e.g., customers experiencing personalized service vs. standard service) and comparing their respective CLTVs. Analyzing correlations between specific empathetic initiatives (e.g., proactive customer outreach programs, personalized onboarding experiences) and CLTV changes can quantify the ROI of empathy-driven strategies.
Furthermore, incorporating qualitative data, such as customer feedback Meaning ● Customer Feedback, within the landscape of SMBs, represents the vital information conduit channeling insights, opinions, and reactions from customers pertaining to products, services, or the overall brand experience; it is strategically used to inform and refine business decisions related to growth, automation initiatives, and operational implementations. and sentiment analysis, into CLTV models provides a richer understanding of the emotional drivers behind customer value. By demonstrating the direct financial impact of empathy on CLTV, businesses can justify investments in empathy-focused initiatives and integrate empathy as a core component of their long-term value creation Meaning ● Long-Term Value Creation in the SMB context signifies strategically building a durable competitive advantage and enhanced profitability extending beyond immediate gains, incorporating considerations for automation and scalable implementation. strategy.

Employee Advocacy Rate ● Measuring Internal Empathy and Brand Resonance
Employee advocacy rate, measuring the percentage of employees who actively promote their company as a great place to work and recommend its products or services, serves as an advanced metric reflecting the depth of internal empathy and its resonance with brand perception. Employees who feel genuinely valued, supported, and understood by their organization are more likely to become enthusiastic brand advocates. This advocacy extends beyond formal marketing efforts; it permeates their personal and professional networks, influencing potential customers, attracting top talent, and enhancing overall brand reputation. Conversely, low employee advocacy rates often signal a lack of internal empathy, indicating a disconnect between organizational values and employee experiences.
Consider two professional services firms. One boasts a high employee advocacy rate, with employees actively sharing positive experiences on social media, participating in recruitment events, and referring clients. The other struggles with low advocacy, characterized by employee silence or even negative online reviews. The difference often stems from the level of internal empathy demonstrated by leadership and the extent to which employees feel genuinely connected to the company’s mission and values.
For corporations and advanced SMBs, measuring employee advocacy rate can be achieved through employee surveys specifically designed to gauge advocacy levels (e.g., “How likely are you to recommend our company as a place to work?”), tracking employee referrals, and monitoring employee social media activity related to the company. Analyzing employee advocacy rates across different departments or demographics can identify areas where internal empathy is strong or weak. Furthermore, correlating employee advocacy rates with customer satisfaction metrics and brand perception studies can demonstrate the external impact of internal empathy.
Investing in initiatives that enhance internal empathy, such as leadership development programs focused on empathetic management, employee recognition programs, and initiatives promoting work-life balance, can directly boost employee advocacy and amplify positive brand messaging. Employee advocacy, driven by internal empathy, becomes a powerful, organic marketing force, enhancing brand credibility and attracting both customers and talent.

Empathy’s Impact on Innovation and Organizational Adaptability
Beyond direct financial metrics and brand advocacy, advanced analysis explores empathy’s profound impact on organizational innovation and adaptability, crucial capabilities in today’s rapidly changing business landscape. Empathetic organizations, characterized by open communication, psychological safety, and a culture of listening, are more conducive to innovation. Employees who feel heard and understood are more likely to share creative ideas, challenge conventional thinking, and collaborate effectively. Empathy also fosters greater organizational adaptability.
By understanding and responding to the evolving needs of both customers and employees, empathetic organizations are better positioned to anticipate market shifts, adapt to disruptions, and remain resilient in the face of change. Conversely, organizations lacking empathy often become rigid, resistant to change, and slow to innovate, hindering their long-term competitiveness. Consider two automotive manufacturers navigating the shift towards electric vehicles. One, characterized by an empathetic organizational culture, actively solicits employee ideas for innovation, fosters cross-functional collaboration, and quickly adapts its product development based on customer feedback.
The other, with a more hierarchical and less empathetic culture, struggles to innovate, resists change, and lags behind in the EV market. The difference in adaptability and innovation capacity is significantly influenced by the presence or absence of organizational empathy.
Measuring empathy’s impact on innovation and adaptability is more complex and requires a multi-faceted approach. This can involve tracking metrics such as the number of employee-generated innovations implemented, the speed of product development cycles, the organization’s responsiveness to market changes, and its ability to navigate disruptions. Qualitative assessments, such as organizational culture Meaning ● Organizational culture is the shared personality of an SMB, shaping behavior and impacting success. audits and employee interviews, can provide deeper insights into the presence of empathetic practices that foster innovation and adaptability.
Analyzing correlations between empathy-focused initiatives (e.g., empathy training programs, open communication platforms) and these innovation and adaptability metrics can demonstrate the strategic value of empathy in building future-proof organizations. Empathy, at this advanced level, is not just a ‘soft skill’; it is a strategic enabler of innovation, adaptability, and long-term organizational success in a dynamic and uncertain business world.

Automation and the Empathetic Imperative
As businesses increasingly integrate automation across their operations, the advanced analysis of empathy must also consider the interplay between automation and human connection. While automation enhances efficiency and scalability, it also presents the risk of depersonalizing customer and employee experiences, potentially diminishing empathy. Advanced metrics in this context focus on ensuring that automation is implemented in a way that augments, rather than replaces, human empathy. This involves measuring the empathetic impact of automated customer service interactions (e.g., chatbot sentiment analysis, customer feedback on automated support), assessing employee perceptions of automation’s impact on their roles and job satisfaction, and tracking the balance between automated and human touchpoints in the customer journey.
Organizations that strategically integrate empathy into their automation strategies, ensuring that technology enhances human connection Meaning ● In the realm of SMB growth strategies, human connection denotes the cultivation of genuine relationships with customers, employees, and partners, vital for sustained success and market differentiation. rather than eroding it, are more likely to reap the benefits of automation without sacrificing customer loyalty or employee engagement. Consider two banks implementing AI-powered chatbots for customer service. One bank trains its chatbots to respond empathetically, personalize interactions based on customer history, and seamlessly escalate complex issues to human agents. The other bank implements chatbots primarily for cost reduction, with limited focus on empathetic communication or human escalation. The first bank is likely to see greater customer satisfaction and loyalty with its automated service, demonstrating an empathetic approach to automation implementation.
Advanced metrics for navigating automation and empathy Meaning ● Strategic tech use to boost SMB efficiency and customer connection, fostering lasting growth. include tracking customer sentiment towards automated interactions, measuring customer churn rates related to automated service experiences, monitoring employee feedback Meaning ● Employee feedback is the systematic process of gathering and utilizing employee input to improve business operations and employee experience within SMBs. on automation’s impact on their roles, and analyzing the effectiveness of human-in-the-loop automation models. By proactively measuring and managing the empathetic dimension of automation, businesses can ensure that technology serves as a tool for enhancing human connection, rather than undermining it. In the advanced landscape of business, empathy and automation are not mutually exclusive; they are complementary forces when strategically integrated, creating organizations that are both efficient and deeply human.
Metric CLTV and Empathy Influence |
Description Measures empathy's impact on customer lifetime value. |
Focus Quantifying the financial ROI of empathetic relationships. |
Implementation for Advanced Analysis Econometric modeling, segmented CLTV analysis, qualitative data integration. |
Metric Employee Advocacy Rate |
Description Reflects internal empathy and brand resonance. |
Focus Measuring employee promotion and positive brand messaging. |
Implementation for Advanced Analysis Employee surveys, referral tracking, social media monitoring, correlation analysis. |
Metric Innovation and Adaptability Impact |
Description Assesses empathy's role in organizational innovation and resilience. |
Focus Understanding empathy as a driver of change and creativity. |
Implementation for Advanced Analysis Innovation metrics, responsiveness tracking, culture audits, qualitative assessments. |
Metric Automation and Empathy Balance |
Description Measures the empathetic impact of automation strategies. |
Focus Ensuring technology augments, not replaces, human connection. |
Implementation for Advanced Analysis Chatbot sentiment analysis, churn rates, employee feedback on automation, human-in-the-loop effectiveness. |
These advanced metrics represent the pinnacle of empathetic measurement, moving beyond simple indicators to strategic analyses that demonstrate empathy’s profound and multifaceted impact on long-term business success. They are the tools for organizations seeking to not only understand empathy but to strategically leverage it as a core driver of value creation, innovation, and sustainable growth in an increasingly complex and automated world.
The journey from basic to advanced empathy metrics Meaning ● Empathy Metrics, within the context of SMB growth, automation, and implementation, represent the data-driven assessment of customer sentiment and emotional response to a business's operations, products, or services. is a continuous evolution, reflecting the growing recognition of empathy as a fundamental business imperative. These advanced metrics are not the final destination, but rather the starting point for an ongoing exploration of empathy’s limitless potential to shape the future of business.

Reflection
Perhaps the most potent metric of empathy remains unquantifiable ● the quiet understanding that permeates an organization, a shared commitment to human-centric values that transcends spreadsheets and dashboards. While metrics provide invaluable insights, the true measure of empathy resides in the intangible culture cultivated within a business, a culture where compassion and understanding are not just measured but lived, breathed, and instinctively acted upon. This culture, ultimately, is what resonates most deeply with both customers and employees, forging bonds of loyalty and trust that no metric can fully capture, yet drive business success more profoundly than any number ever could.
Metrics reflecting empathy include customer retention, employee engagement, CES, sentiment analysis, CLTV influenced by empathy, and employee advocacy.

Explore
How Do Empathetic Metrics Drive Smb Growth?
What Role Does Automation Play In Empathetic Metrics?
Why Is Measuring Empathy Important For Business Strategy?

References
- Reichheld, Frederick F. The Ultimate Question 2.0 ● How Net Promoter Companies Thrive in a Customer-Driven World. Harvard Business Review Press, 2011.
- Meyer, Bruce Temkin, and Kerry. Customer Effort Score (CES) 2.0 ● The New Metric To Measure Customer Loyalty. Temkin Group, 2010.
- Harter, James K., et al. “The Relationship Between Engagement at Work and Organizational Outcomes.” Gallup, 2020.