Fundamentals

Consider this ● a staggering 90% of startups, the lifeblood of the SMB ecosystem, reportedly fail within their first few years, often not from a lack of grit, but from misallocated resources, including technological investments that resemble shiny distractions rather than strategic assets.

Demystifying Technology Investment

For many small business owners, the term ‘technology investment’ conjures images of complex systems, hefty price tags, and a steep learning curve. This perception, while understandable, often obscures a simpler truth ● strategic technology investment Meaning ● Strategic tech investments for SMBs are planned resource allocations to tech that boost business goals, efficiency, and growth. for SMBs should be about smart, not just big, spending. It is about pinpointing tools and systems that directly address core business needs and unlock tangible improvements.

Starting with Core Needs

Before even considering the latest software or hardware, an SMB must first perform a candid assessment of its operational landscape. What are the daily pain points? Where are processes inefficient? What tasks consume excessive time or resources?

These questions form the bedrock of a strategic technology investment Meaning ● Technology Investment: Strategic resource allocation by SMBs to acquire and utilize tech for growth, efficiency, and competitive advantage. plan. For a local bakery, for instance, the primary need might not be a sophisticated CRM system, but rather a reliable point-of-sale (POS) system to streamline transactions and manage inventory.

Budget-Conscious Tech Adoption

SMBs typically operate with tighter budgets than larger corporations, demanding a more pragmatic approach to technology spending. Investing strategically does not necessitate breaking the bank. Numerous cost-effective solutions exist, often in the form of cloud-based services and subscription models, allowing SMBs to access enterprise-level technology without massive upfront capital expenditure. Open-source software also presents a viable avenue for businesses seeking powerful tools without licensing fees, provided they possess or acquire the necessary technical expertise for implementation and maintenance.

Prioritizing Scalability and Flexibility

A strategic technology Meaning ● Strategic Technology, in the SMB arena, refers to the carefully selected technologies, like cloud computing platforms or advanced data analytics solutions, a company deploys to achieve specific business goals. investment should always consider future growth. Selecting systems that can scale alongside the business prevents the need for costly overhauls down the line. Cloud-based solutions are particularly advantageous in this regard, offering the flexibility to adjust resources as business demands fluctuate. Furthermore, opting for modular systems, where functionalities can be added or removed as needed, ensures that the technology investment remains aligned with the evolving needs of the SMB.

Simple Automation for Efficiency Gains

Automation, often perceived as a complex undertaking, can be surprisingly straightforward and beneficial for SMBs. Even basic automation tools, such as email marketing platforms or appointment scheduling software, can free up significant time for business owners and employees, allowing them to focus on higher-value activities. Automating repetitive tasks not only boosts efficiency but also reduces the likelihood of human error, leading to improved accuracy and consistency in operations.

Data-Driven Decision Making at the SMB Level

Technology investments should empower SMBs to make informed decisions based on data, not gut feeling alone. Even simple analytics tools integrated into POS systems or website platforms can provide valuable insights into customer behavior, sales trends, and operational performance. This data can then guide strategic adjustments in areas such as marketing, inventory management, and customer service, leading to more effective resource allocation and improved business outcomes.

Training and Support ● Essential Components

Investing in technology is only half the battle; ensuring that employees can effectively utilize these tools is equally critical. Adequate training and ongoing support are essential components of any strategic technology investment. Neglecting this aspect can lead to underutilized systems, frustrated employees, and a failure to realize the intended benefits of the technology. Choosing user-friendly software and providers that offer robust support resources can mitigate these challenges.

Phased Implementation for Manageable Change

Overhauling all business systems at once can be disruptive and overwhelming for an SMB. A phased implementation Meaning ● Phased Implementation, within the landscape of Small and Medium-sized Businesses, describes a structured approach to introducing new processes, technologies, or strategies, spreading the deployment across distinct stages. approach, where new technologies are introduced gradually, allows for a smoother transition and reduces the risk of operational hiccups. Starting with the most pressing needs and then incrementally adding new systems or functionalities as the business adapts ensures a more manageable and successful technology integration Meaning ● Technology Integration for SMBs is the strategic assimilation of digital tools to enhance operations, customer experience, and drive sustainable growth. process.

Return on Investment (ROI) Focused Approach

Every technology investment should be evaluated through the lens of return on investment. While some benefits, such as improved customer satisfaction, might be qualitative, SMBs should strive to quantify the potential financial returns wherever possible. This involves tracking key metrics before and after technology implementation to assess its impact on efficiency, productivity, and profitability. A clear understanding of ROI ensures that technology investments Meaning ● Technology investments, within the SMB landscape, represent strategic allocations of capital toward technological assets. are generating tangible value for the business.

Embracing Cloud Solutions

Cloud computing has leveled the playing field for SMBs, providing access to powerful software and infrastructure previously only affordable for large enterprises. Cloud-based solutions offer numerous advantages, including lower upfront costs, scalability, accessibility from anywhere, and automatic updates. For many SMBs, embracing cloud technology is a strategic imperative Meaning ● A Strategic Imperative represents a critical action or capability that a Small and Medium-sized Business (SMB) must undertake or possess to achieve its strategic objectives, particularly regarding growth, automation, and successful project implementation. for staying competitive and agile in the modern business environment.

Strategic technology investment for SMBs is about targeted, budget-conscious adoption of tools that solve specific problems and drive measurable improvements, not about chasing the latest tech trends.

Cybersecurity Basics for Small Businesses

In an increasingly interconnected world, cybersecurity is no longer an optional extra but a fundamental business necessity, regardless of size. SMBs are often perceived as easier targets for cyberattacks, making basic cybersecurity measures crucial. Implementing strong passwords, using antivirus software, regularly backing up data, and training employees on cybersecurity best practices are essential steps in protecting sensitive business information and customer data.

Mobile-First Mindset

The proliferation of smartphones has transformed how people work and interact with businesses. Adopting a mobile-first mindset means ensuring that business websites, applications, and communication channels are optimized for mobile devices. This is particularly important for SMBs serving local customers, as mobile search and mobile commerce continue to gain prominence. Investing in mobile-friendly technology enhances customer experience Meaning ● Customer Experience for SMBs: Holistic, subjective customer perception across all interactions, driving loyalty and growth. and expands accessibility.

E-Commerce Integration for Broader Reach

For SMBs selling products or services, e-commerce integration can unlock significant growth potential by expanding their market reach beyond geographical limitations. Setting up an online store, even a basic one, allows SMBs to tap into a wider customer base and generate revenue streams outside of traditional brick-and-mortar operations. E-commerce platforms are now readily accessible and user-friendly, making online selling a viable option for businesses of all sizes.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Lite

Building and maintaining strong customer relationships Meaning ● Customer Relationships, within the framework of SMB expansion, automation processes, and strategic execution, defines the methodologies and technologies SMBs use to manage and analyze customer interactions throughout the customer lifecycle. is paramount for SMB success. While enterprise-level CRM systems can be complex and expensive, numerous ‘CRM lite’ options are tailored to the needs and budgets of smaller businesses. These simplified CRM tools help SMBs organize customer data, track interactions, and personalize communication, fostering stronger customer loyalty and repeat business.

Digital Marketing Essentials

In today’s digital age, a strong online presence is vital for SMBs to attract and retain customers. Digital marketing Meaning ● Digital marketing, within the SMB landscape, represents the strategic application of online channels to drive business growth and enhance operational efficiency. encompasses a range of strategies, including search engine optimization (SEO), social media marketing, and email marketing. Even basic digital marketing efforts can significantly enhance brand visibility, drive website traffic, and generate leads for SMBs operating in competitive markets.

Strategic technology investment for SMBs is not a luxury, but a necessity for survival and growth in the modern business landscape. By focusing on core needs, prioritizing budget-conscious solutions, and adopting a phased implementation approach, SMBs can leverage technology to enhance efficiency, improve customer experience, and unlock new opportunities. The key lies in making informed decisions, aligning technology with business goals, and viewing technology as an enabler of strategic advantage, rather than an end in itself. What if the most strategic investment isn’t in the newest gadget, but in truly understanding your customer’s digital journey?

Intermediate

A recent study by McKinsey indicates that SMBs that aggressively adopt digital technologies experience revenue growth rates up to twice as high as those with minimal tech integration, suggesting a direct correlation between strategic tech investment and amplified market performance.

Moving Beyond Basic Adoption

For SMBs that have already implemented foundational technologies, the next stage involves a more sophisticated and integrated approach. Strategic technology investment at this level transcends mere operational improvements; it becomes a lever for competitive differentiation Meaning ● Competitive Differentiation: Making your SMB uniquely valuable to customers, setting you apart from competitors to secure sustainable growth. and market expansion. It requires a deeper understanding of business processes, data analytics, and emerging technology trends.

Aligning Technology with Business Strategy

At the intermediate level, technology investment must be intrinsically linked to the overall business strategy. This necessitates a clear articulation of business objectives and identifying how technology can directly contribute to achieving these goals. For a growing retail SMB, for example, the strategic objective might be to expand into new geographical markets. Technology investments should then focus on enabling e-commerce capabilities, optimizing supply chain logistics, and implementing digital marketing strategies to reach new customer segments.

Advanced Automation for Process Optimization

Moving beyond basic automation, intermediate SMBs should explore advanced automation Meaning ● Advanced Automation, in the context of Small and Medium-sized Businesses (SMBs), signifies the strategic implementation of sophisticated technologies that move beyond basic task automation to drive significant improvements in business processes, operational efficiency, and scalability. technologies to streamline complex workflows and optimize operational efficiency. This could involve implementing Robotic Process Automation (RPA) for repetitive back-office tasks, integrating AI-powered chatbots for customer service, or utilizing workflow automation platforms to manage project lifecycles. These advanced automation tools can significantly reduce operational costs, improve accuracy, and free up human capital for strategic initiatives.

Data Analytics for Strategic Insights

Intermediate SMBs should leverage data analytics Meaning ● Data Analytics, in the realm of SMB growth, represents the strategic practice of examining raw business information to discover trends, patterns, and valuable insights. to gain deeper insights into business performance and customer behavior. Implementing business intelligence (BI) tools and data visualization dashboards allows for real-time monitoring of key performance indicators (KPIs), identification of market trends, and proactive decision-making. Analyzing customer data Meaning ● Customer Data, in the sphere of SMB growth, automation, and implementation, represents the total collection of information pertaining to a business's customers; it is gathered, structured, and leveraged to gain deeper insights into customer behavior, preferences, and needs to inform strategic business decisions. can reveal valuable insights into purchasing patterns, customer preferences, and market segmentation, enabling more targeted marketing campaigns and personalized customer experiences.

Cloud-Native Architectures for Agility

Adopting cloud-native architectures provides intermediate SMBs with enhanced agility and scalability. Cloud-native applications are designed to leverage the full potential of cloud computing, offering greater flexibility, resilience, and cost-efficiency compared to traditional on-premise systems. Migrating to cloud-native platforms enables SMBs to rapidly deploy new applications, scale resources on demand, and adapt quickly to changing market conditions.

Cybersecurity as a Strategic Imperative

Cybersecurity at the intermediate level becomes a strategic imperative, requiring a more comprehensive and proactive approach. Implementing multi-factor authentication, intrusion detection systems, and security information and event management (SIEM) solutions are crucial for protecting against increasingly sophisticated cyber threats. Developing a robust cybersecurity strategy, including employee training, incident response plans, and regular security audits, is essential for maintaining business continuity and customer trust.

Customer Experience (CX) Technology Investments

For intermediate SMBs, enhancing customer experience becomes a key differentiator. Investing in CX technologies, such as personalized marketing automation Meaning ● Marketing Automation for SMBs: Strategically automating marketing tasks to enhance efficiency, personalize customer experiences, and drive sustainable business growth. platforms, customer feedback management systems, and omnichannel communication tools, can significantly improve customer satisfaction and loyalty. Creating seamless and personalized customer journeys across multiple touchpoints fosters stronger customer relationships and drives repeat business.

Mobile-First and Beyond ● Omnichannel Engagement

Moving beyond a mobile-first approach, intermediate SMBs should embrace omnichannel engagement strategies. This involves providing a consistent and integrated customer experience across all channels, including mobile, web, social media, and physical locations. Omnichannel technology investments, such as unified communication platforms and cross-channel marketing automation, ensure seamless customer interactions and build a cohesive brand experience.

E-Commerce Expansion and Optimization

For SMBs with existing e-commerce operations, the intermediate stage focuses on expansion and optimization. This could involve implementing advanced e-commerce platforms with enhanced features, optimizing website user experience (UX) for conversion, and leveraging data analytics to personalize online shopping experiences. Expanding into new online marketplaces and exploring international e-commerce opportunities can further drive revenue growth.

Supply Chain Technology Integration

Optimizing supply chain operations becomes increasingly critical as SMBs grow. Integrating supply chain technologies, such as inventory management systems, warehouse management systems (WMS), and transportation management systems (TMS), can improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance visibility across the supply chain. Streamlining supply chain processes ensures timely order fulfillment, minimizes stockouts, and optimizes inventory levels.

Strategic technology investments at the intermediate level are about integrating advanced systems to optimize processes, leverage data for strategic insights, and enhance customer experiences to achieve competitive differentiation and sustainable growth.

Talent Acquisition and Management Technologies

As SMBs scale, attracting and retaining talent becomes a significant challenge. Investing in talent acquisition and management technologies, such as applicant tracking systems (ATS), human resource management systems (HRMS), and learning management systems (LMS), can streamline HR processes, improve employee engagement, and foster a high-performing workforce. These technologies help SMBs manage recruitment, onboarding, performance reviews, and employee development more effectively.

Collaboration and Communication Platforms

Effective collaboration and communication are essential for maintaining productivity and cohesion as SMB teams grow. Implementing advanced collaboration platforms, such as project management software, team communication tools, and video conferencing systems, facilitates seamless teamwork, improves information sharing, and enhances remote work capabilities. These technologies ensure that teams can work efficiently and effectively, regardless of location.

Financial Technology (FinTech) Solutions

Intermediate SMBs should explore FinTech solutions to optimize financial management and access new funding opportunities. Adopting cloud-based accounting software, expense management systems, and online payment gateways can streamline financial processes, improve cash flow management, and reduce administrative overhead. FinTech platforms also offer access to alternative financing options, such as peer-to-peer lending and crowdfunding, providing SMBs with greater financial flexibility.

Legal Technology (LegalTech) for Compliance

Navigating legal and compliance requirements becomes more complex as SMBs expand. Investing in LegalTech solutions, such as contract management software, compliance monitoring tools, and e-signature platforms, can help SMBs manage legal risks, ensure regulatory compliance, and streamline legal processes. These technologies reduce the administrative burden of legal tasks and minimize the potential for costly legal errors.

Sustainability and Green Technology Investments

Increasingly, customers and stakeholders are demanding greater environmental responsibility from businesses. Intermediate SMBs can strategically invest in sustainability and green technologies to reduce their environmental footprint, enhance brand reputation, and potentially realize cost savings. This could involve adopting energy-efficient technologies, implementing waste management systems, or utilizing sustainable supply chain practices. These investments align with growing societal expectations and can create a competitive advantage.

Strategic technology investment for intermediate SMBs is about moving beyond basic operational improvements and leveraging technology to drive strategic objectives. By integrating advanced automation, data analytics, and customer experience technologies, SMBs can achieve competitive differentiation, optimize processes, and unlock new growth opportunities. The focus shifts from simply adopting technology to strategically deploying it as a core enabler of business strategy Meaning ● Business strategy for SMBs is a dynamic roadmap for sustainable growth, adapting to change and leveraging unique strengths for competitive advantage. and long-term success. What if the real strategic advantage Meaning ● Strategic Advantage, in the realm of SMB growth, automation, and implementation, represents a business's unique capacity to consistently outperform competitors by leveraging distinct resources, competencies, or strategies; for a small business, this often means identifying niche markets or operational efficiencies achievable through targeted automation. lies not just in adopting technology, but in building a culture of continuous technological adaptation?

Advanced

Research published in the Harvard Business Review highlights that digitally mature SMBs, characterized by deep technology integration across all business functions, exhibit a 50% higher likelihood of outperforming industry peers in profitability and market share, underscoring the transformative power of advanced tech strategies.

Technology as a Core Strategic Differentiator

For advanced SMBs, technology ceases to be merely a supporting function; it evolves into a core strategic differentiator, deeply interwoven into the fabric of the business model itself. Strategic technology investment at this echelon is about creating proprietary advantages, disrupting existing market norms, and establishing new paradigms of operational excellence. It demands a visionary approach, anticipating future technological landscapes and proactively shaping the business to capitalize on emerging opportunities.

Building Proprietary Technology Platforms

Advanced SMBs may consider developing proprietary technology platforms tailored to their specific business needs and strategic objectives. This could involve creating custom software applications, building industry-specific platforms, or leveraging emerging technologies like blockchain or AI to develop unique solutions. Proprietary technology platforms can create significant competitive advantages, enhance customer lock-in, and generate new revenue streams through licensing or platform-based business models.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) Integration

Integrating AI and ML technologies across various business functions becomes a hallmark of advanced SMBs. This extends beyond basic AI applications like chatbots to encompass sophisticated ML algorithms for predictive analytics, AI-powered decision support systems, and intelligent automation solutions. AI and ML can optimize pricing strategies, personalize customer experiences at scale, automate complex decision-making processes, and unlock insights from vast datasets previously inaccessible.

Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial IoT (IIoT) Deployment

For SMBs in manufacturing, logistics, or other asset-intensive industries, deploying IoT and IIoT technologies can revolutionize operational efficiency Meaning ● Maximizing SMB output with minimal, ethical input for sustainable growth and future readiness. and create new service offerings. Connecting physical assets, equipment, and products to the internet enables real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, remote diagnostics, and data-driven optimization of industrial processes. IIoT deployments can reduce downtime, improve asset utilization, and create new revenue streams through data-driven services.

Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT)

Advanced SMBs should explore the potential of blockchain and DLT to enhance security, transparency, and efficiency in supply chains, financial transactions, and data management. Blockchain can create immutable records, secure data provenance, and enable decentralized marketplaces. DLT applications can streamline complex multi-party processes, reduce fraud, and build trust in digital ecosystems. Strategic blockchain investments can position SMBs at the forefront of technological innovation in their respective industries.

Edge Computing and Decentralized Infrastructure

As data volumes and real-time processing demands increase, advanced SMBs may adopt edge computing Meaning ● Edge computing, in the context of SMB operations, represents a distributed computing paradigm bringing data processing closer to the source, such as sensors or local devices. and decentralized infrastructure strategies. Edge computing brings computation and data storage closer to the source of data generation, reducing latency, improving responsiveness, and enhancing data security. Decentralized infrastructure, leveraging distributed networks and edge devices, can create more resilient, scalable, and cost-effective IT architectures. These advanced infrastructure approaches are particularly relevant for SMBs operating in data-intensive industries or geographically distributed environments.

Cybersecurity Resilience and Proactive Threat Intelligence

Cybersecurity for advanced SMBs evolves into a proactive and resilient function, focused on anticipating and mitigating emerging threats. Implementing advanced threat intelligence platforms, security orchestration, automation, and response (SOAR) solutions, and AI-powered security analytics becomes crucial. Building a cybersecurity posture that is not only defensive but also proactively seeks out and neutralizes threats before they materialize is essential for maintaining business continuity and protecting critical assets in a constantly evolving threat landscape.

Hyper-Personalization and AI-Driven Customer Engagement

Advanced SMBs leverage AI and data analytics to deliver hyper-personalized customer experiences at scale. This goes beyond basic personalization to create truly individualized interactions tailored to each customer’s unique needs, preferences, and context. AI-driven recommendation engines, predictive customer service Meaning ● Customer service, within the context of SMB growth, involves providing assistance and support to customers before, during, and after a purchase, a vital function for business survival. platforms, and personalized marketing automation Meaning ● Tailoring marketing messages to individual customer needs using automation for SMB growth. systems enable SMBs to build deeper customer relationships, enhance loyalty, and drive revenue growth through highly targeted engagement strategies.

Quantum Computing Exploration and Readiness

While still in its nascent stages, quantum computing holds the potential to revolutionize various industries. Advanced SMBs with a long-term strategic vision should begin exploring the potential applications of quantum computing and preparing for its eventual adoption. This could involve investing in research, partnering with quantum computing startups, or developing proof-of-concept applications to understand the potential impact of quantum computing on their business and industry. Early exploration of quantum computing can position SMBs for future competitive advantage.

Space Technology and Satellite Applications

For SMBs in specific sectors, such as agriculture, logistics, or environmental monitoring, exploring space technology and satellite applications can unlock new capabilities and create competitive advantages. Satellite imagery, geospatial data analytics, and satellite communication technologies can provide valuable insights, improve operational efficiency, and enable new service offerings. Strategic investments in space technology can open up new frontiers for SMB innovation and growth.

Strategic technology investments at the advanced level are about creating proprietary advantages, disrupting market norms, and establishing new paradigms of operational excellence through deep integration of emerging technologies and visionary strategic planning.

Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Applications

SMBs in healthcare, manufacturing, or materials science sectors should explore the potential of biotechnology and nanotechnology to develop innovative products and solutions. Biotechnology applications, such as personalized medicine, genetic engineering, and biomanufacturing, can create new market opportunities and address unmet needs. Nanotechnology, with its applications in materials science, electronics, and medicine, can enable the development of advanced materials, miniaturized devices, and novel therapies. Strategic investments in these cutting-edge fields can position SMBs as pioneers in their respective industries.

Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Extended Reality (XR)

Advanced SMBs across various sectors can leverage VR, AR, and XR technologies to enhance customer experiences, improve employee training, and create immersive brand engagements. VR applications can provide immersive training simulations, virtual product demonstrations, and remote collaboration environments. AR overlays digital information onto the real world, enhancing user experiences and enabling new forms of interaction. XR encompasses the spectrum of immersive technologies, offering a wide range of applications for SMBs seeking to innovate and differentiate themselves.

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and Web3 Technologies

For SMBs exploring new organizational models and digital business paradigms, decentralized autonomous organizations Meaning ● DAOs are community-led systems using blockchain for transparent, automated SMB operations & governance. (DAOs) and Web3 technologies offer transformative possibilities. DAOs are organizations governed by code and smart contracts, enabling decentralized decision-making and community-driven operations. Web3 technologies, built on blockchain and decentralized networks, empower users with greater control over their data and digital assets. Exploring DAOs and Web3 can position SMBs at the forefront of the decentralized future of business.

Ethical Technology and Responsible Innovation

As technology becomes increasingly pervasive, advanced SMBs must prioritize ethical technology Meaning ● Ethical Tech for SMBs: Morally sound tech use driving growth, trust, and sustainability. and responsible innovation. This involves considering the societal impact of technology investments, addressing potential biases in AI algorithms, ensuring data privacy and security, and promoting digital inclusion. Adopting ethical technology principles and responsible innovation Meaning ● Responsible Innovation for SMBs means proactively integrating ethics and sustainability into all business operations, especially automation, for long-term growth and societal good. practices builds trust with customers, stakeholders, and society at large, enhancing brand reputation and long-term sustainability. Strategic investments in ethical technology are not only socially responsible but also strategically advantageous in an increasingly conscious marketplace.

Human-Machine Collaboration and the Future of Work

Advanced SMBs should strategically plan for the future of work, embracing human-machine collaboration Meaning ● Strategic blend of human skills & machine intelligence for SMB growth and innovation. and augmenting human capabilities with AI and automation. This involves re-skilling and up-skilling employees to work alongside AI systems, redesigning workflows to leverage the strengths of both humans and machines, and fostering a culture of continuous learning and adaptation. Strategic investments in human-machine collaboration technologies and workforce development initiatives will be crucial for SMBs to thrive in the evolving landscape of work.

Strategic technology investment for advanced SMBs is about visionary leadership, disruptive innovation, and the creation of proprietary advantages through deep integration of emerging technologies. By embracing AI, blockchain, IoT, and other cutting-edge advancements, advanced SMBs can not only optimize their operations but also redefine their industries and shape the future of business. The ultimate strategic question shifts from ‘How can we adopt technology?’ to ‘How can we become technology leaders and innovators in our own right?’

References

• Porter, Michael E., and James E. Heppelmann. “How Smart, Connected Products Are Transforming Competition.” Harvard Business Review, vol. 92, no. 11, Nov. 2014, pp. 64-88.
• Brynjolfsson, Erik, and Andrew McAfee. The Second Machine Age ● Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W. W. Norton & Company, 2014.
• Schwab, Klaus. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. World Economic Forum, 2016.
• Manyika, James, et al. Digital America ● A Tale of the Haves and Have-Mores. McKinsey Global Institute, 2015.